pre-post self-efficacy (self-belief) survey was also used to provide a more complete understanding of the data. Findings revealed that the adult learners in this study who used and adapted the Google Lens MAR for their personalized needs and interests developed new approaches and ways of thinking about language learning outside of the classroom; engaged in active interaction with people and objects in their environment to meet personalized goals outside the classroom; connected their first language, interests, and culture with language meaning construction;
— ❐ The Effect of Mobile Augmented Reality on the Self-Efficacy